![]() Despite the early rush of archetypal titles, ultimately there was a general decline in fixed-cell games, due to their technical limitations, simplistic gameplay, and the rise of personal computers and handhelds the Game Boy correspondingly, this genre also declined. Green House (1982) was another popular two screen game in which players use clouds of pesticide spray to protect flowers from waves of attacking insects. oil and water), forcing players to multi-task. With two screens these games introduced basic resource management (e.g. The later titles utilized multiple articulating screens to increase the difficulty for players. 1982 saw multiple titles with the primary object of protecting buildings from burning: Fire Attack, Oil Panic and Mickey & Donald. The following years saw a flood of similar titles, including Manhole (1981), Parachute (1981), and Popeye (1981). Vermin (1980), one of the first, had players with defending the garden (a theme followed by many later games) from relentless horde of moles. With their fixed sprite cells with binary states, games with waves of attackers following fixed paths were able to make use of the technical limitations of the platform yet proved simple and enjoyable to casual gamers. Nintendo's popular 1980s Game & Watch hand held games featured many popular precursors. Green House, a popular 1982 handheld game by Nintendo Sorcerer's Apprentice for the Atari 2600 featured Mickey Mouse and was first published in 1983. Players were now able to choose from different methods of obstructing attackers' progress. The concept of waves of enemies attacking the base in single file (in this case AT-ATs) proved a formula that was subsequently copied by many games as the shift from arcade to PC gaming began. Parker Brothers' 1982 title Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back for the Atari 2600 was one of the first tie-ins to popularize the base defense style. In these games, defending non-players from waves of attackers is key to progressing. While later arcade games like Defender (1981) and Choplifter (1982) lacked the strategy element of Missile Command, they began a trend of games that shifted the primary objective to defending non-player items. For these reasons, some regard it as the first true game in the genre. Additionally, in Missile Command, the sole target of the attackers is the base, not a specific player character. The innovation was ahead of its time and anticipated the genre's later boom, which was paved by the wide adoption of the computer mouse. Missile Command was also the first of its kind to make use of a pointing device, a trackball, enabling players to use a crosshair. ![]() In the game, players could obstruct incoming missiles, and there were multiple attack paths in each attack wave. The 1980 game Missile Command changed that by giving shields a more strategic role. The game featured shields which could be used to strategically obstruct enemy attacks on the player and assist the player in defending their territory, though not to expressly protect the territory. The object of the arcade game Space Invaders, released in 1978, was to defend the player's territory (represented by the bottom of the screen) against waves of incoming enemies. The tower defense genre can trace its lineage back to the golden age of arcade video games in the 1980s.
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